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By Age 6 Parts Of Brain Involved In Social Cognition May Be In Place
Social cognition - the ability to think about the minds and mental states of others - is essential for human beings. In the last decade, a group of regions has been discovered in the human brain that are specifically used for social cognition. A new study in the July/August 2009 issue of the journal Child Development investigates these brain regions for the first time in human children. The study has implications for children with autism.
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Advancing Vaccine Against Valley Fever - UTSA Infectious Disease Researchers
Medical mycologists in The South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (STCEID) and the Department of Biology at The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA) have significantly advanced the fight against San Joaquin Valley Fever, a respiratory infection of humans, commonly called Valley Fever, which is caused by the Coccidioides fungus. For the first time, the researchers have genetically engineered a live, attenuated vaccine that successfully protects mice against Valley Fever, known in scientific circles as coccidioidomycosis.
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AVMA Response To PETA Protest At The Association's Annual Convention
The American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) respects and values PETA"s right to express an opinion and hold a peaceful demonstration at our 146th Annual Convention in Seattle. On the other hand, we disagree with their position on our use of fish during an educational and motivational presentation by the fishmongers of Pike Place Fish Market.
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First Human Demonstration Of Significant, Persistent Antibody Response Using Electroporation-Delivered DNA Vaccine Published In Human Gene Therapy

Inovio Biomedical Corporation (NYSE Amex: INO), a leader in DNA vaccine design, development and delivery, announced today new data representing what Inovio believes to be the first demonstration of a significantly increased and persistent level of antibody response generated by a DNA vaccine delivered using electroporation. The results, generated in a clinical study conducted by Inovio"s collaborators, the University of Southampton and The Institute of Cancer Research in the U.K., were published in the medical journal Human Gene Therapy, July 20, 2009, in a paper entitled, "DNA vaccination with electroporation induces increased antibody responses in patients with prostate cancer." The DNA vaccine is designed to induce a strong helper T-cell response, with the aim of enhancing induction of a cytotoxic T-cell response against tumor cells. Measuring antibody (humoral) responses against the helper sequence in the vaccine may help judge the vaccine"s potential performance. It may also allow predictions of vaccine performance in other settings, for example, against viral and bacterial diseases, where strong antibody responses are imperative in providing protection. This open label phase I/II, two arm, dose escalation trial is evaluating a novel DNA vaccine based on a prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) fused to a tetanus toxin (DOM). The PSMA antigen is designed to induce a CD8+ T-cell response capable of killing tumor cells; the DOM element is designed to help enhance the immune response to PSMA. The study is also evaluating delivery of this DNA vaccine with and without Inovio"s proprietary electroporation delivery technology. In each arm, five patients were treated at each of three dose levels. The protocol included three vaccinations at four week intervals followed by booster doses at 24 and 48 weeks. The published data completes the reporting of antibody responses in the 30 patients vaccinated in this study. The data indicate that the use of electroporation yielded significantly enhanced antibody responses to DOM while the absence of electroporation resulted in low anti-DOM antibody responses (25-fold mean increase over baseline compared to a 1.5-fold mean increase, respectively). Importantly, the level of antibody response further increased following additional boosts of DNA vaccine delivery via electroporation at later time points. Furthermore, antibody responses persisted out to 18 months of follow-up, a significant result that would be useful in the context of a practical vaccine regimen. As reported in prior releases, this vaccine was found to be safe and well tolerated. Analyses of T-cell immune responses to the PSMA antigen are ongoing. Dr. Christian Ottensmeier of the University of Southampton, principal investigator on the study, commented, "We are pleased to publish these data indicating a notably higher induction of antibodies to the tetanus toxoid component upon DNA vaccination with electroporation. The antibody levels appear to be in a range comparable to traditional protein-based vaccination or injection of attenuated or inactivated pathogen. With the advantageous safety profile of electroporation-delivered DNA plasmids indicated by human data to date, this data supports optimism for use of this next-generation vaccine modality as a strategy against infections and cancer." Dr. J. Joseph Kim, Inovio"s CEO, said, "We have demonstrated in different human trials that Inovio"s electroporation devices are safe and well-tolerated. This longer-duration data further validates the importance of our electroporation technology in achieving the primary goal of scientists in this field, which is to improve the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines in humans. These results bode well for our programs in development." The development of this DNA vaccine was supported by the UK cancer charities the Leukemia Research Fund and, Cancer Research UK and rights to the vaccine are owned by Cancer Research Technology Limited. The study was supported by Cancer Research UK funding, the Allan Willett Foundation, Inovio Biomedical Corporation, and the Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre in Southampton. The clinical study is a collaborative project between the University of Southampton with Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust and the Institute of Cancer Research with the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey. Inovio Biomedical Corporation


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